What is Calibration? Calibration consists of comparing the output of the instrument or sensor under test against the output of an instrument of known accuracy when the same input (the measured quantity) is applied to both instruments. This procedure is carried out for a range of inputs covering the whole measurement range of the instrument or sensor under test.  Environmental Conditions Calibration ensures that the measuring accuracy of all instruments and sensors used in a measurement system is known over the whole measurement range, provided that the calibrated instruments and sensors are used in environmental conditions that are the same as those under which they were calibrated.  For use of instruments and sensors under different environmental conditions, an appropriate correction has to be made for the ensuing modifying inputs. Whether applied to instruments or sensors, calibration procedures are identical with the understanding that whatever is said for instruments appli...

What are Conductive Fluids? Metals are famously conductive materials for heat and electricity due to the presence of free electrons and ions. Similarly, some fluids are also conductive and possess free ions and electrons due to which it conducts electricity. This property of a fluid is referred to as conductivity which is measured in micro Siemens (µS). Water is a poor conductor of electricity; however, if a salt such as Sodium Chloride (NaCl) or Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) is added to it, the solution becomes conductive. Industrial Use of Conductive Fluids Conductive fluids are used in chemical processes to produce different products. For example, black liquor and bleach are used in paper, pulp, and textile industries; ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol are diversely used in personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and the food industry.   Why Measurement of Conductive Fluids is Necessary? Accurate flow measurement of fluid chemicals is necessary for every process to o...